American Dream Lost in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: The Great Gatsby

American Dream Lost - Gatsby as a Social Commentary on American Life The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, has been commended as one of the best, if not the best American novel.â Yet this is amusing for the general public which has so hailed the book is accurately that which is censured all through it.â Politically, the American dream was an establishment of standards and trusts in any and each American individual.â Specifically, one of the beliefs was an American dream liberated from class differentiation; that each individual has the chance to be whomever they would like to be.â In a kind of Cinderella-like design, it is basically a perfect of social portability and freedom.â The social reality, in any case, is unmistakably more cruel.â Because of the unforgiving truth of social America, by method of its vainglory and wantonness, the American dream is lost.â Through Nick’s fair and strong perception, the equal existences of Myrtle Wilson and Jay Gatsby mirror The Great Gatsby as a social editorial about the contaminated Amer ican Dream.  Myrtle is that scandalous model of how the political and social beliefs of America strife so the American dream turns into a nightmare.â Contrary to the naivete the American dream, there are in reality fine class distinctions.â With them comes certain social boundaries.â as it were, it is as though there are implicit sumptuary laws comprehended by low and high classed people alike.â Myrtle Wilson is no special case. Rather than submitting to them, Myrtle, who speaks to the low and uninformed class of America, attempted to break the social obstructions and along these lines seeks after riches using any and all means necessary.â Using her sexuality and revolting manner, she turns out to be bogus for relinquishing and excusing her own social establishment, and like Nick, we as perusers are shocked by her unusual way to deal with entering the rich class.â At one point, and cleverly to the knowing passerby, Myrtle whines about an assistance accomplished for her that was costly to the point that when she gave [Myrtle] the bill you’d of thought she had [her] appendicitus out (35).â Obviously abusing her wording, it is silly simply because she is making a decent attempt to fit into the pompous high society persona, and coming up short miserably.â Her inconsiderateness turns out to be increasingly evident when she dismissed the commendation [about her dress] by bringing her eyebrow up in scorn (35).â She is so bogus in her way that Nick sees that she had changed her costume†¦and was presently attired in a detailed evening dress (35).

Whose Church Is the True Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whose Church Is the True Church - Essay Example The procedure includes becoming more acquainted with the territory in which the congregation is to be arranged. Comprehension of how the gospel is comprehended is likewise significant in the foundation of the congregation. To begin a congregation, understanding from both the learners of the congregation, and the individuals it is intended for is significant (Elaine 30). Getting individuals to comprehend what the strategic the following stage that would help the gathering in the arrangement of the congregation. In becoming more acquainted with the specific viewpoints that accompany the beginning of another congregation, the mission is to know who the congregation is being begun for. It ought to likewise distinguish its principle objectives and targets in the event that it needs to exceed expectations in the journey to get the message out. The congregation could be for either two gatherings of individuals. These are the de-churched or the non-churched. The de-churched were once church goers yet don't go to chapel any longer. In any case, the non-churched essentially allude to those that don't have any desire to go to for one explanation or the other (Elaine 34). The learners of these holy places need to know the social decent variety of the individuals they mean to spread the gospel to. They could be ethnic, class driven, the way of life they drove, and the hard of hearing or even non-ethnic expansion. Becoming more acquainted with this is exceptionally basic in the start of the congregation (Elaine 36). The creator proceeds to guarantee that building the congregation for just one gathering of individuals isn't right. The creator expresses the contention the God, the Supreme Being, is the maker all things considered and; in this way, no one has the privilege to remove that. Building houses of worship while under the understanding that the word voyages quicker if the gathering of individuals from a similar shared opinion isn't right. The principle point the creator is attempting to put across is the differing decisions that ought to be accessible. Apprentices of holy places ought to think about the production of an assorted church society. This is going to build the choices for everybody instead of only one gathering of individuals. Moreover, they ought to consider the

The Effectiveness Of Fines In Preserving Competition Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Competition is a public good and society does not expect the victims of anticompetitive conduct to protect themselves. Authorities remain on the forefront in enforcing rules and regulations prohibiting actions that restrain or are likely to restrain competition (Baker 2006). The Financial Service Authority (FSA) requires firms and their management to have systems and controls in place to ensure they submit accurate and timely data and/or information.   The FSA uses this information to: detect and investigate suspected market abuse, insider trading and market manipulation; identify market wide risks and have a comprehensive understanding of the activities of each firm. In September 2010, FSA fined the London-based firm Goldman Sachs International (GSI) a total of  £17.5 million for breaching trust. The fine relates to GSIs failure to ensure that it had in place adequate systems and controls to enable it to comply with its UK regulatory reporting obligations. Th e FSA investigation found that GSI defective systems and controls compromise the level and quality of its communications with the FSA. GSI co-operation with FSA and agreeing to settle at an early stage qualified it for a 30% discount. Without the discount the fine would have been  £25 million. (FSA Press Release GSI Case) Also in April 2010, the FSA fined three firms a total of  £4.2m for failing to provide accurate and timely transaction reports to the FSA. The three firms were Credit Suisse ( £1.75m fine), Getco Europe Limited ( £1.4m) and Instinet Europe Limited ( £1.05m).   Credit Suisse is a bank, Getco is a market maker trading on electronic markets, and Instinet is an agency broker. The firms cooperated fully with the FSA in the course of the investigations and agreed to settle at an early stage thereby each firm qualified for a 30% discount. Without the discounts the total fines would have amounted to a  £6m (FSA Press Release Case 2). The cases focu s on sharing of valuable transactions information. Emphasis is not only on transparency but also quality and timeliness of the information. These define crucial features of market structure that influence competition and potentially anti-competitive actions in markets. According to the efficient market hypothesis, it is assumed that in efficient markets, price reflects all available information. Holding firms accountable for enhancement of transparency is desirable for industry competition as it suppresses actions that restrain or are likely to restrain competition. The actions include collusion, parallel pricing, predatory pricing, limit pricing, harmful mergers, abuse of dominant position, and arrangements intended to monopolize. Besanko et al (2010) observe that when transactions are public, deviations from competition rules are easier to detect than when they are covert. It is also important to note that industry competition is not only price competition, but also involves qu ality competition. Product quality affects consumer decisions and firms strategies. If consumers are uninformed, this may result in the adverse selection and lemons problems in the market. Other key highlights from the cases are (a) the problem of incomplete contract- though GSI knew that one of its UK traders was under United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigation for allegedly defrauding investors, FSA was not aware. And as a result of asymmetric information, that staff approved by FSA in November 2008 to trade. (b) the importance of international cooperation in enforcement of completion rules, had the SEC and FSA been sharing vital information on matters of mutual interest FSA would have not approved the said trader; and (c) the need of an effective compliance monitoring system firms even established ones like GSI cannot be relied on to comply. Fines, unlike damages which are meant to penalize the violations, are meant for deterrence purposes. Wils ( 2005) argues that the imposition of fines can contribute in three ways to the prevention of competition rules violations: through deterrent effects, through moral effects, and by raising the cost of violations. But the vital question is, are these fines large enough for deterrence purposes? Are they proportionate to the crimes? Considering the GSI fine, as Prately commented, it was a trifling sum by the banks standards; nobody at Goldman Sachs went hungry as a result of the  £17.5m fine. However, the public revelation of such defective corporate controls hurts more. Langus and Motta (2007) present empirical evidence that news of such penalties decreases the firms market value due to noise on stock market prices as stock markets react to the news (firms share prices are often very responsive even to minor events). The key issue in these fines is setting fines that are large enough to discourage prospective violators. How large is optimal is a question that needs further resea rch and debate. However, it is important that optimal fines be the minimum fines necessary to discourage violations. In addition Mottaa (2007) emphasizes that possible economic costs associated with large fines such as leading the firm to close or downsize its operations; leading a firm to dispose off its assets; reducing the financial asset available to the firm, which in turn may decrease its ability to borrow from financial markets and a possibility to pursue profitable investments should be considered in setting up fines. Wils (2005) points out that fines which exceed the firms ability to pay would lead to bankruptcy. A successful strategy that deters violations is one which penalizes the violators and effectively discourages the prospective violations (the firm must perceive that its expected net gain from violations is lower than its expected cost). Wils (2005) argues that because of overconfidence bias, prospective offenders are likely to overestimate the gain and underest imate the probability of detection and punishment. Therefore, a necessary condition for deterrence to work is that the expected fine, discounted for the probability of detection and punishment, should exceed the gain which the offender expected to obtain from the violation. Connor (2002) observes that though fines have a deterrent effect on violations, they are not sufficient to effectively preserve competition. Other additional ways need to be incorporated including: Introduction of criminal penalties for the executives found guilty of violations (Motta 2007). This provides a very strong deterrent as the risk averse managers would find it very risky to engage in anticompetitive actions. This will also address the principal-agency problem. The managers (agents) may engage in violations which may not be the objectives of the firm owners. But since it is the shareholders (principals) that eventually pay the fine, the managers may not care. It also explains why the (i) senior staff at GSI did not pass information about the staff in the centre of the case on to the UK authorities despite knowing that the said staff had been accused of serious breaches of U.S. laws; (ii) Despite repeated reminders from the FSA during the course of 2007 and 2008, none of the 3 firms in the second case carried out regular reviews of its data to prevent the breaches. Promotion of the private actions for damages: add damages recognized to consumers to the fines firms have to pay, thereby increasing deterrence for instance, the USA case involving vitamins conspirators, who to date have made direct payments amounting to more than $1 billion to victimized buyers (Baker 2006). Additional ways include the use of leniency programs to increase the probability that violators will be uncovered (Leniency programs may lead to prosecutions of violators that may otherwise have remained secret and possibly in operation). Also introduction of administrative fines and director disqualificatio n for managers to align personal incentives with firms decisions. And promoting (forcing where necessary) the diffusion of competition compliance programmes and the code of conduct in firms. The main criticism of the fines in the literature is that they force firms into bankruptcy and that they are eventually paid by the consumer through higher prices for further research. These need further research before conclusion is done about them. In conclusion, fines are important and necessary in deterrence of violations of competition rules, even though, they alone are not sufficient in promotion of competition in the industry concerned. Successful preservation of competition calls for inclusion of other ways in addition to fines. The setting up of fines also should take into consideration of the magnitude of the offence, economic implications and nature of firm. I agree with Baker (2006) that the possibility to impose high fines is limited by inability to pay, by the social and econ omic costs of high fines, and by requirements of proportional justice. To avoid a deterioration of the market structure as a result of the imposition of fines, where high fines are imposed and where there is a significant difference in the ability to pay of the various offenders, the amount of the fines imposed on the different firms should be differentiated so as to reflect their respective ability to pay. (1,486 words)

Hip Hop A Cultural Movement - 1851 Words

Hip-Hop is a cultural movement that emerged from the ramshackle South Bronx, New York in the early 1970’s. The area’s predominantly African American and Puerto Rican populations originated this musical genre and culture that over the past four decades has developed into a global perception impacting the youth culture around the world. â€Å"The South Bronx was a full of political, social, and economic rising in the years leading up to the beginning of Hip-Hop.† The early part of the 1970’s found many African American and Hispanic communities seeking relief from the poverty, drug, and gangs in neighborhoods. Hip-Hop proved to be a successful source as both an outlet for expressing the struggles of life during the rising of crime and violence as well as an enjoyable form of recreation. Jeff Chang explains in Can’t Stop Won’t Stop that Hip Hop has three main themes including: the social condition that gave hip hop a rise, the people that help p ioneered it and moved it forward, and also the transformation from a party-oriented movement to political. Chang begun Can’t Stop Won’t Stop by showing the social conditions that gave a rise to hip hop in New York, particularly the South Bronx many years before leading to the birth of Hip Hop. The most critical events that shaped early hip-hop generation was the construction of the Cross-Bronx Expressway through the years of 1948-1972. The Cross-Bronx Expressway was a solitary road, made to decrease travel times for the wealthy suburbanShow MoreRelated Hip-Hop as a Cultural Movement Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pages Hip-Hop is a cultural movement that emerged from the dilapidated South Bronx, New York in the early 1970’s. 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Madhubuti’s, a black arts movement members relationship with Harlem Renaissance is one of the youngest African dont like politics and aesthetic of the previous generation of black artists. The â€Å"utmost impatience† I would about how Black Arts movement member expressed themselves to the Harlem Renaissance and its allegedly excessive whiteRead MoreEssay on The Globalization of Hip Hop Music1498 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Wikipedia, Hip-hop music, also called rap music, is a musical genre consisting of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted. It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: MCing/r apping, DJing/scratching, breaking/dancing, and graffiti writing. Hip hop is also characterized by these other elements: sampling (or synthesis), and beatboxing. 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The Poisonwood Bible in the European Conquest in Africa

The European conquest in Africa reinforced the notion of seizing seemingly primitive nations occupied by natives whose culture and lifestyle must be rationalized and modified to fit the standards of a modern country. Following the post-World War II era came the opportunity for the worlds most powerful nations to make a significant impact on a war-torn world. The two super-power nations of the time, the United States and the Soviet Union, craved to influence vulnerable and poverty-ridden nations like Africa as these natives were easily to manipulate. A desire to spread and influence western ideology, specifically Christianity, to rural nations is depicted in Barbra Kingsolvers novel The Poisonwood Bible. Kingsolver portrays an American missionary Reverend Price and his family as they attempt to spread and make a significant impact on the people of the Belgian Congo, whom the Reverend describes as a place where he can save needy souls. American intervention in the Congo highlights fe w of the many results of attempting to revive a nation ridden of post-colonial damage, including the fusion of two cultures, the abuse of political power and, international perception and relations. The clashing of cultures appears through the numerous attempts the Price children take to adapt to their new political and social environment, including adapting to the language, routine life and cultural traditions. Illustrating the differences of what Americans and the Congolese do duringShow MoreRelatedEssay about Religion isnt Blind1801 Words   |  8 Pagesin its entity has been influenced by one book, one word, one God. It isn’t a fortuitous event that for centuries, in the name of God, wars have been fought and nations have been conquered. Religion breaks down certain cohesion in society. The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingslover along with Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness by Ukem Akpan and Joseph Conrad respectively have depicted this notion of carrying out God ’s will onto other areas. For this reason alone, mankind is incapable of achieving

DIFFUSION OF BUSINESS

DIFFUSION OF BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS Essay 1.EDI Application under ChangeIn 1996, a number of partners agreed on the action plan for electronic commerce, among these the Danish Chamber of Commerce (DDH) and the Confederation of Danish Industries (DI). The action plan focused strongly on increasing the application of the international EDIFACT standards in business-to-business (b2b) transactions. It was believed that this international standard was the means to facilitate globalization of Danish business, while simultaneously reducing the administrative load internally in the value chain. In Denmark, the biggest actors in EDI application are companies within the provisions trade, the financial sector and the public health services. They have all prepared actual guidelines to UN/EDIFACT. In 1998, the action plan for electronic commerce was updated. New transport media for EDI and the development of inexpensive conversion tools have shown a potential to reduce some of the barriers indicated in studies of EDI application in Denmark and abroad. However, at the same time that a number of obstacles for diffusion of EDI in b2b relations are reduced or disappear completely, new challenges appear, especially in production and wholesale businesses. In particular, it is favorable to establish EDI solutions with trading partners where the trading pattern involves a large volume and accruing of transactions with a given number of steady business partners. With the advance of new market relations the assumptions on EDI application are under pressure. Internationalization of Danish companies is another area where EDI application is under pressure. Establishing Danish subsidiaries or business partners abroad and foreign acquisition/formation of subsidiaries in Denmark may increase EDI application, also in the twenty first century. The business challenges deriving from the massive reorganization of patterns in connection with electronic commerce include a wide measure of uncertainty and confusion concerning almost all decision variables: economy, technique, safety, communication, marketing, integration, advertising, etc. The study from the Copenhagen Business School on EDI application in Denmark from 1995-1997 indicates an increase in the number of companies that are able to send and receive EDIFACT messages. The increase in the number of given location numbers was at the same level in the first six months of 1998 as in 1997. The number of EDIFACT messages sent via VANS has increased both measured in numbers and volume. For the period 1995-1997, the EDIFACT application has increased on average by approx. 45 per cent annually in terms of number of messages and by approx. 33 per cent in terms of the size of the messages. In the first six months of 1998, 29 per cent more messages have been sent and 32 per cent more bytes. Provided the growth continues the rest of the year, we estimate that the total increase will reach approx. 60 per cent. If we compare the number of bytes sent via VANS in EDIFACT format in June 1998 with the number sent in June 1995, the number has increased by approx. 118 per cent over the three years. Measured in terms of number of messages we see that in June 1998 177 per cent more messages were sent than in June 1995. These growth rates are at a higher level than the former study indicated. All in all, we may conclude that the growth in EDI in Denmark measured in terms of number of users, number of messages and number of bytes sent shows and probably will continue to show substantial rates of increase. However, despite the positive development there are still challenges to face in connection with EDI. Some challenges are related to the continued diffusion of EDI in the value chain and to SMEs. Another issue that must be dealt with is the new technical openings for EDI solutions. Partly, the technical development will enable us to choose new transport media for EDI, and partly it will allow us to solve the safety problems in connection with application of open network. 2.EDI and Electronic CommerceIn the report Electronic Commerce and New Organizational Forms we outlined the following research problems in connection with the market theme:Identifying relevant theories/methods on diffusion of new technology in general, IT products in specific and, in particular, electronic commerce products. Analyzing the pilot project Trade Documents in order to assess the difficulties related to implementation of new electronic commerce products. Identifying barriers and incentives for intake of electronic commerce products. Following-up on standardization efforts EDIFACT based as well as other (new) de facto standards. Integrating Internet applications with the companies other systems. Preparing multimedia material to advance diffusion, in specific in SMEs. Figure 1. Diffusion of electronic commerceContrary to the common view on electronic commerce, EDI constitutes the core in the current electronic commerce in Denmark. The diffusion of EDI is far larger than business-to-consumer (b2c) Internet commerce. Therefore, it is necessary to take a closer look at the business processes b2b in electronic commerce. The purpose of applying EDI is to optimize the overall business process across company lines. When business processes cross company lines, there tends to be a certain waste of resources. They involve cost consuming processes that do not increase the product or the service they support in value. Such waste of resources may include double work, e.g. information printed out by one computer has to be entered in another. For example, a manufacturer may palletize goods and invoice them to a wholesaler. When the wholesaler has to distribute the goods to the retailers, he has to repack the pallets and prepare new invoices. If the manufacturer knew how the goods to be palletized were to be distributed at the retail level, he might be able to palletize in such a way as to save the wholesaler from palletizing and invoicing anew. Many resources may also be wasted because information available at a later stage of the business process is not available in the first stages of the process. Information on consumption of goods in the last link of the overall supply chain may contribute to optimize planning and thus improve the employment of resources and inventory control. Thus, the purpose of EDI is:to avoid double workto ensure that up-to-date information is available enabling work to be made where it is optimally independent of company lines andto ensure through information access about the overall business process that wastes of resources are eliminated or reduced. 2.1SecurityThe need for security will always be subject to relative and thus different evaluations. The basic security can be evaluated as supply security, which ought to be given high priority by everybody. Other security needs listed below must depend on an assessment of data sensitivity and the possible consequences of unauthorized access to e.g. personal and financial information. It is expected that a digital signature will solve most of the above mentioned security elements related to transport of EDI via Internet. However, there will still be a range of security measures that are relevant for parties engaged in EDI. Similar to ordinary mailing there are the familiar risk that a message may be lost or that the sender of a message is not who he/she pretends to be (authenticity). In addition, we have the new security problems in connection with transfer of electronic messages. There may be a risk of unintended retransmission. There may be a problem with the integrity of the message, i.e. is it possible to protect a message to the effect that no changes can be made in the message during transport between sender and receiver. An aspect of the integrity issue is the possibility of concealing the message, i.e. the message cannot be read by unauthorized persons. A final relevant aspect in terms of security is whether it is possible to ensure that sender or receiver cannot subsequently refuse knowledge of a message. Until now this problem has been solved by sending onerous messages to a receiver by registered mail. PEARL HARBOR - A SHORT HISTORY Essay5.2Part-project II: InternationalizationPart-project II outlines ownership and document flow in Danish companies in relation to their global/domestic cooperative partners. It has often been stated that Danish companies cannot demand that their foreign cooperators apply EDI if they do not want to. Or that Danish companies are forced to apply proprietary solutions and direct connection solutions instead of e.g. EDIFACT and Internet based transport. It is our hypothesis that the internationalization of business, other things being equal, will stimulate application of electronic commerce. One of the factors that will strengthen internationalization within the EDIFACT field is the monetary unit, the introduction of a common currency, ECU. In order to clarify this hypothesis we will examine how many Danish companies are owned by foreign companies, how many foreign companies are owned by Danish companies, the number of Danish subsidiaries abroad and the related document flow. In consultation with the Confederation of Danish Industries, the Danish Chamber of Commerce and Eurochambers, we will choose a number of value chains, where application of EDI and its value chains will be examined. 5.3Part-project III: Incentives and BarriersThis project takes its point of departure in the incentives and barriers illustrated in the report Elektronisk Handel og Nye Organisationsformer (Electronic Commerce and New Organizational Forms). IncentivesBarriersEconomic gainThe advantages and strong points of the Internet have not been sufficiently describedFaster adjustment to the marketLack of incentivesIncreased competitivenessImplementation problemsNew ways of expandingLack of critical massIncreased opportunities for internationalizationInformation divisionRationalization opportunitiesTo comply with the Danish Chamber of Commerce and the Confederation of Danish Industries we will especially examine the uncertainty of the effect of EDI solutions on business processes, incentives, the general resistance against changes, lack of adjustment to the organizational changes introduced by EDI and the legislative uncertainty. Through the study of incentives and barriers we will try to indicate the areas that members of the Danish Chamber of Commerce and the Confederation of Danish Industries can stimulate positively, e.g. the economic opportunities and the overall business potential. 6.Project OutputEach of the three part-projects involves an application-oriented perspective and an academic output. The project, Trade Documents, will constitute the background for the empirical input in relation to a targeted, coordinated EDI effort. As part of the study we will produce a video about the EDI project. Part-project I will produce a paper titled The Effect of a Targeted Effort in Relation to EDI Application. The objective of the paper is to illustrate which factors motivate companies to choose and apply EDI in business processes. The paper will examine whether small and medium-sized businesses are able to control the development, or whether large companies and groups set the pace for integration of EDI in trade and industry. The purpose of the study is to enable companies to evaluate whether coordinated efforts in reality will give a return that measures up to the resources used in a project such as Trade Documents. The second paper will illustrate the new role that middlemen and manufacturers might play in connection with electronic commerce. Based on information that at present is available about electronic commerce b2c, we will analyze the changes, if any, in relation to the middlemens role in the value chain. It will be relevant to look at the business sectors that are most in front in electronic commerce, as for example car dealers. Another issue related to the new role of middlemen is whether the role of manufacturers will change as a result of the direct contact with the end user. A third paper will deal with whether EDI application has had a positive impact on the objectives of the Treaty of Rome concerning free movement of goods and services. Another aspect in connection with the free movement of goods and services is whether EDI application may constitute a technical trade barrier. Partly, we may look at the work performed in Eurochambers, and partly at the results from part-project II. A fourth paper will focus on barriers and incentives. In specific, it may deal with EDI standard contracts for electronic data exchange. Do terms in standard contracts prevent companies from applying EDI domestically or internationally? An objective may be to look at different countries in specific the USAs standard contracts, perhaps within special trade organizations. We may examine whether there are significant variations within the EU in relation to the standard contract prepared by the EU , and whether standard contracts in the USA vary significantly from the EU standard contract. For the Confederation of Danish Industries and the Danish Chamber of Commerce, the project will indicate the differences and similarities in relation to the standards applied by the two organizations. During the project a CD-ROM will be produced illustrating electronic commerce. The CD-ROM is a means of communicating EDI and a concrete guide like the Internet manual. Three two-day seminars will be arranged for the parties involved in the project. At the seminars we will discuss the concrete results available at the time. The seminars will also be an excellent forum for presenting the next steps in the process, just as it will be an opportunity to communicate visions and trends within the area. 7.Parties InvolvedJohn Zimmermann, market information manager, the Confederation of Danish Industries H.C. Andersens Boulevard, 1787 Copenhagen V. Telephone 3377 3377 emailprotectedSteen Rytlig, head of department, the Danish Chamber of CommerceBrsen, 1217 Copenhagen KTelephone 3395 0500emailprotectedBjarne Emig, development manager, the EDI CouncilBrsen, 1217 Copenhagen KTelephone 3395 0500emailprotectedKim Viborg Andersen, associate professor, Ph.D.-supervisor and project participant a quarter of the time. Center for Electronic Commerce, Department of Informatics, Copenhagen Business SchoolHowitzvej 60, 2000 FrederiksbergTelephone 3815 2437 emailprotected Helle Zinner, Ph.D. student on full time for three years, Center for Electronic Commerce, Department of Informatics, Copenhagen Business SchoolHowitzvej 60, 2000 FrederiksbergTelephons 3815 2452 emailprotectedWe seek participation from a national advisory board: Jan Damsgaard, assistant professor, Aalborg University Department: In stitute 8Address: FrB.7, room E2-209emailprotectedJens Hrlck, associate professor, rhus UniversityDepartment of Managementrhus University8000 rhus CemailprotectedMoreover, we seek participation from an international advisory board:John L. King, professor, Information and Computer Sciences, University of California430C CSIrvine, CA 92697 USA emailprotectedKalle Lyytinen, professor, Department of Computer Science and Information SystemsUniversity of JyvskylMattilanniemi, Building MaD, 3rd floorP.O.Box 3540351 JYVSKYL FINLANDemailprotected8. Schedule of Project1.1.1999-31.12.19991.1.2000-31.12.20001.1.2001-31.6.2001123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930Month: jfmamjJasondjfmamjjasondjfmamjVideo recordingVideoPilot surveyICIS, IFIP 8.2Two-day workshopsStudy of work in EurochambersStudy EDI application in EuropeBled, ECISStudy period in the USACD-ROMAcademic in-/output =Output for DDH and DI =BibliographyHelle Zinner, Ph.D. student on full time for three years, Center for El ectronic Commerce, Department of Informatics, Copenhagen Business SchoolHowitzvej 60, 2000 FrederiksbergTelephons 3815 2452

Obeying Lawful Orders free essay sample

In knowing this I will be sure not to repeat this incident I feel the biggest problem is myself I am still trying to adapt to the army life and it is getting a little easier as the days go by I really don’t like being the jacked up soldier and I plan on changing and I plan on doing what I am told when I’m told so I can avoid getting caught up in something I cant get out of. The only way I want out of the army is either with an honorable discharge or to do my time, and I understand that I signed a contract and raised my right hand and made an oath to my country to protect and serve no matter what the cost, so I will do so by obeying all of the article to the best of my ability. I wish to pursue my Army career to the maximum amount of time possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Obeying Lawful Orders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I hope to do at least 20 years time in service but I will most likely stay in longer. This job makes me feel proud and I really do not want to lose it. Now that I have gotten into trouble I fully understand the severity of obeying an order from the higher ups and I will do my best not to get myself into this predicament again because I would rather not lose what little rank I do have. I can not afford to lose that because I am struggling now trying to help myself with my financial situations and if I was to lose that I’m not sure what I would do to make up that money that I would be losing as of right now E-3 base pay is 1501. 20 and E-2 pay is 1427. 40 and E-1 pay is 1178. 10 that is a huge difference in pay that is more than a 200 dollar difference that I defiantly can not afford to lose so I will be sure to straighten out my act so I do not lose that money. This will conclude my 2400 word essay.

Liberty essays

Liberty essays Western mans pursuit of liberty has been constant. Indeed, the concept of liberty is central to Western political thought and history. The following essays, which were the first of the Goodrich Lecture Series at Wabash College, examine the concept of liberty as it has been understood from antiquity through the twentieth century. Since they were delivered, some of the essays have been modified, but the original thrust of the lecture series has been preserved. It is fitting that these lectures focused on this concept which was so important to Mr. Pierre Goodrich, in whose honor this lecture series was created. Mr. Goodrich founded Liberty Fund Inc., a foundation given over to the programmatic and philosophic study of society made up of free and responsible individuals. The value of such studies reflects Mr. Goodrichs understanding of the difficult problems raised in advancing and defending human liberty. These essays examine the meaning given to the concept of liberty in selected periods of Western history. They demonstrate that Western man, in the pursuit of liberty, has concerned himself in every historical epoch with this concept as he attempted to define, implement, and, most importantly, understand it. Free will, that quality which characterizes the uniqueness of human beings, is evidenced in their acts, behaviors, and choices. However, this fact does not mean that human behavior, thought, and choice have unchanging purpose or content since such free choices are within the power of the individual and are conditioned by the circumstances in which individuals operate. Consequently, historical examination of this concept provides an outline for the inquiry made regarding the nature of liberty-its definition, its implementation, and its value. Professor Rufus Fearss essay opens this unique collection by examining the concept of liberty in Republican Rome and its transformation from the period of the Republic to th...

Give a description of the Cosmological Principle, and present a Essay

Give a description of the Cosmological Principle, and present a summary in your own words. Is it a truly scientific principle - Essay Example This paper seeks to give an in-depth analysis of the cosmological principle. Cosmological principle There have been various perspectives on the uniformity of the earth at any position. Some people do argue that the differences in the earth are there and evident which is in contradiction with the scientific point of view. The cosmological principle is entirely based on scientific principles and it argues that the earth is uniform irrespective of the point of reference. To many people, this is not observed to be so because they usually consider the physical features. In terms of physical features, differences are evident with some regions being mountainous while others are covered by water bodies. Despite this, the laws of physics have proved that they are applicable in all these situations without deviations. Due to technological advancement, there are various means used in observing the world mainly machinery with improved precision to identify any deviations (Ferreira, 2007). The co smological principle has three implicit qualifications and two testable consequences. They usually play a significant role in ensuring a clear understanding of the entire principle is clearly got. ... In critical analysis of the laws of physics, factors such as wavelength and electronic charge are observed to be constrained. The final qualification refers to distinction between large bodies around the earth, such as the sun, stars. It is evident that some galaxies moves towards the earth while other moves far away. It is evident that all these bodies are independent of each other but none of them violates the laws of physics. Testable Structural consequences of Cosmological principle Homogeneity-This mainly refers to the uniformity of the earth from various position an observer may view it. Isotropy-Isotropy refers to uniformity in observation despite looking in any direction in the earth (Cheng, 2005). Despite the differences in the principles, they are all interrelated. The cosmological principle is observed to be in line with the isotropy of other large bodies around the earth. Some of these bodies include radio galaxies, red shift, and cosmic microwave background radiation amo ng others. These relations are observed to have a direct and indirectly impacts on the earth and thus their presence cannot be neglected. In addition, some observed characteristics are because of interaction between the various galaxies. A good example is the Sloan digital sky survey. The early cosmologies argued that the earth was at the center of the universe. After many years of research, Isaac newton in mid seventeenth century came up with the new cosmology. According to him, the earth is spherical and in constant motion around the sun in specified direction and path. The earth is not located adjacent to the sun with a very large distance between them. In his quest to understand the relation between the various

National patient safety goals and quality indicators on suicide Essay

National patient safety goals and quality indicators on suicide - Essay Example Patients are transitioned to perfect treatment in a successful manner. Suicide may occur as a result of a failure to recognize the patient as suicidal and ensuring that the patient does not have an access to any means for suicide. Upon their recognition, the physician is expected to make a transition to another physician (Longnecker, 2012). The National Patient Safety Goals requires all hospitals to conduct a risk evaluation to sort out any individual characteristics or environmental features that decrease or increase the risk for suicide. The evaluation is also aimed at addressing patients’ immediate safety requirements as well as making assured transitions to appropriate care after the patient leaves the emergency department (Sharfstein et al., 2009). Suicide prevention information is provided to the patient or his/her family upon leaving the emergency department. The hospital organization also identifies safety risks inherent in its patient population. It identifies any patient who could be in risk for suicide. The National Patient Safety Goa ls provide safety measures to be observed in successful prevention of suicide in hospitals (Herz,

Gender Politics and Roles in a Horror Film Essay Example for Free

Gender Politics and Roles in a Horror Film Essay Gender politics in horror films are not all that difficult to comprehend mainly because they devise a specific role for the various genders. That is the gender politics are little more than a variant on class roles in society. In fact, even an individual who has a passing interest in horror films can see that the heroes and villains are male and the victims are predominantly women. This is the common, tried and true cliched method of cranking out horror movies on an assembly line basis. There are, of course, some excellent horror films that alter the generic methodology of producing horror films that prescribe to a single minded of opinions of what are the proper gender roles that are found in horror movies. Often, we see men as the hero and women as either the victim or the hero. In reality, when it comes to gender roles in horror films there really are no differences because these different roles are based on human interpretations deriving from external opinion; in the film itself it is the monster that defines the role and the monster invariably defines the role of all human – regardless of gender – as prey. When it comes to drive in theater/direct to DVD releases, serious study is often difficult. Films that are cranked out to cash in on a niche market are generally not works of art. Those horror films that do rise to a higher level of art, however, can provide a brilliant insight into the multitude of variances of gender roles that exist. In examining gender roles in horror films, one could split the genre into two halves: the pre-ALIEN era and the post-ALIEN era. In the era prior to 1979s landmark film ALIEN, the perceived role of women was that of the unwilling victim who was Gender Roles in Horror Films – Page 2 menaced by the vampire, werewolf, artificial construct et al and needed a hero to save her. This is referred to as a perceived appearance because the role of the female character was actually much stronger then that in certain films. (In the more B grade films the role of the victim was a cardboard one lacking in any depth) With the release of ALIEN, a female character was presented as a strong adversary of the monster. Instead of needing to be saved, the female heroine defeats the monster quite handily. This would become the more common female role in horror movies. Unfortunately, this more active role would be perverted into the last victim stereotype crafted in the slasher films of the 1980s; a role that still exists for many female characters to this very day. Of course, not all female gender roles are heroines or victims. The recent release of SAW III brought back the lesser used concept of the female villain. The most famous example could be found in 1932s underrated DRACULAS DAUGHTER. While the role of the female vampire was effective, there was little interest in continuing to use females in horror movie heavy roles. The usage of a female in a horror role was limited although it was not without precedent. A female werewolf debuted in lost werewolf film unimaginatively titled THE WEREWOLF. (Female werewolves would return in such films as SHE WOLF OF LONDON and CRY OF THE WEREWOLF) But, this particular role was limited. Further roles of females in the monster role range from the exploitative (THE VAMPIRE LOVERS) to the downright silly (FRANKENSTEINS DAUGHTER) to the brilliant (THE EXORCIST) While this particular gender role of Gender Roles in Horror Films – Page 3 villainess is limited it is not without precedent and it does occasionally appear. In rare instances, it is done effectively as seen in films such as the aforementioned SAW III and THE DEVILS REJECTS. There are questions that need to be raised in terms of how a womans role vs. a male role in a horror film is devised. While some may look for a profound answer to this the real answer is somewhat mundane. That is to say, the roles presented in many of these films are simply reflections of common themes. Consider the following assessment: In a world ordered by sexual imbalance, please in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. The determining male gaze projects a fantasy onto the female figure, which is styled accordingly. In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact (Mulvey 203) In other words, the gender roles prevalent in most horror films was simply what the audience had grown accustom to expecting. If the audiences of the 1930s sat down in a dark theater in the 1930s and were treated to a female hero in DRACULA or KING KONG the films would have been radically different in their narrative. Audiences generally expected a common role for men and women in horror films and any departure from these roles may run the risk of being rejected. Well, they will not be rejected if they are scripted well. In the 1976 KING KONG remake, Jessica Langs dopey dialogue to Kong did change her role from the frightened Fay Wray of the original film, but not in a good way. Screaming at the top of your lungs at the sight of a monstrous ape makes sense. Looking at a gigantic amorous Gender Roles in Horror Films – Page 4 ape and saying This isnt going to work out is just outright silly. It simply is not the role people expect in a situation of grave terror. But traditional roles do not always exhibit passivity. In a way, Fay Wrays fear and terror is not so much submission or passivity as much as it is obstinate. She rejects Kong and stands up for herself. Her screams are screams of defiance and such defiance throws Kong off his game plan. As such, her role is really not as passive as one would assume. She does stand up to the creature, but unlike Jessica Langes obtuse reaction Wrays reaction is believable. This is what makes her defiance believable. In a way, gender roles in horror films really more blurred than most would initially assume. Consider the following conclusion: From its beginning gothic writing entwined culture and economy as well as blurring sexual boundaries and disturbing aesthetic and moral categories. (Botting 135) On the surface, many would be disinclined to agree with such a statement. After all, what blurring of gender roles are there to be found in a horror film? Prior to ALIEN, the roles of men and women were starkly contrasted. In the post ALIEN world, women take on a more active role. This is hardly blurring. In fact, the roles are fairly obvious and pronounced. Again, this is what might appear to be the fact on the surface because on the surface we are looking at the actual action of the characters. The roles of the characters do not change regardless of the decade the film was produced. That is to say, humans – whether they are male or female – remain victims in horror films. Gender Roles in Horror Films – Page 5 That is, Ripley may be active in ALIEN but she is the prey of the alien no different from the role of Fay Wray in KING KONG. Even in 1942s THE WOLFMAN we can see a variant of this. Consider Evelyn Ankers role in the film: her character Gwen is far from a weak female. She is a very independent and strong character. At the films climax, she goes out in the woods by herself looking for her boyfriend even though she knows a werewolf is prowling. Of course, the werewolf attacks her because that is what werewolves do. The werewolf – like aliens, vampires and giant monsters – only sees humans as prey. The creature often does not see gender roles. The role to the creature is irrelevant beyond seeing humans as victims. Victims are essentially the repressed regardless of their gender role. What is primal Repression? Let us call it the ability of the speaking being always already haunted by the other, to divide, reject and repeat. Without one division, one separation one subject/object having been constituted why? Perhaps because of the maternal anguish, unable to be satisfied within the encompassing symbolic. (Kristeva 12) As such, the gender role of the active male or active/passive female never really changes. The role they play is always reactive to the creature and this makes them perfect for the role of a victim. This may seem like a odd way of looking at the roles because it deviates from the commonality of what we are grown to expect in horror films. This is because Cinema is at once a form of perception and a material perceived, a new way of encountering reality Gender Roles in Horror Films – Page 6 and a part of reality thereby discovered for the first time. (Shaviro 40) That is, one of the benefits to enjoying a film is watching how humans are presented. Even in fantastic films such as the horror genre there is a unique insight into reality present and that particular reality is both the different roles genders play (passive/active) based on human perception and then there is the monsters perception: prey. As such, there are different roles and singular roles occurring at the same time. As Barker illustrates: If she had been taciturn in the street, Anne-Marie was anything but in the privacy of her own kitchen. Gone was the guarded curiosity, to be replaced by a stream of lively chatter and constant scurrying between a half dozen minor domestic tasks, like a juggler keeping several states spinning at once. (Barker 74) That is, a singular person can play many roles based on varying perceptions. While there are many different types of horror films, all horror films center on the common theme of predator and prey. While sometimes there may be variants to the role ( a sympathetic monster, a flawed human hero, etc) the end result always returns to the original theme: predators seek their prey. Sometimes, the prey is passive and sometimes the prey remains passive. Of course, prey can be both male and female and, unfortunately, the gender roles of the prey often follow common stereotypes. However, to the classic monster gender roles are irrelevant: to the monster all humans are prey and that trumps gender roles completely. This is not to say that there are no nuances found in the various gender roles. But, as far as the creature is concerned all humans are prey no matter how they act or react through the course of the film. Bibliography Barker, Clive. The Forbidde. In IN THE FLESH: TALES OF TERROR. New York: Poseidon Press, 1986. 67 108. Botting, F. Candy Gothic. In GOTHIC CAMBRIDGE: Boydell Brewer, 2001. 133 151. Kristeva, Julia. Powers of Horror: A Study in Abjection. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. Mulvey, Laura. Visual Pleasure and Narrative cinema. Shaviro, Steven. Film Theory and Visual Fascination. In THE CINEMATIC BODY. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1993. 1 65.

Sonnys Blues (An Insight) Essay -- essays research papers

Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, set in Harlem in 1957, was largely about the struggles of an ethnic minority and the stagnation they feel, but moreso how two brothers come to understand each other due to their struggles and from years of living their own, very different lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baldwin’s constant, detailed, reflections helped me immensely in understanding this story. I feel that they served as a constant reminder of the social context in which this story takes place. It helped to have those incessant reminders because I kept thinking it takes place in recent years, versus the 1950s, before the Civil Rights Movement was in full swing. The biggest idea that I had to keep in mind was that the racism (ultimately leading to stagnation/oppression) presented in the context was â€Å"accepted† at this point in time. By â€Å"accepted† I mean that there were not yet any written laws in place to protect blacks against these acts, not that the actions were morally correct or acceptable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sonny’s side of the story represented one perspective of the African American experience in this time period. He accepts his status & tries to live within the black culture and deal with it distress that goes along with it, just to keep his dignity. At first, he channels his afflictions through music. There eventually becomes a time in his life when can no longer deal with the pain or suffering and Sonny takes the well-beaten path of turning to heroin, t...

Evar From Diagnosis To Treatment Health And Social Care Essay

This essay will discourse a instance survey about an fanciful patient with AAA. The essay is divided into three chief subdivisions. It will foremost see the patient ‘s history, the initial trials undertaken, the imagination methods used and the result of each phase. It will so travel to depict the diagnosing and process of EVAR and in decision I will sum up the chief points. A 68 twelvemonth old male patient with a household history of AAA, who was a tobacco user and had a knee replacing 15 old ages ago, was referred by his GP to hold an X ray of the lumbar spinal column and pelvic girdle. . The clinical grounds for the X ray was that the patient had fallen down the stairs 2 hebdomads before and had a hurting in the lower dorsum and right hip. After warranting the request card and look intoing his inside informations, they did an AP and Lateral of his lumbar and an AP scrutiny of his pelvic girdle. And they sent him back to obtain the consequences from his GP after 10 yearss. The radiotherapist reported his diagnosing on the X raies and sent it back to the GP. There was an rating of the categorization in the venters and a suspected abdominal aortal aneurism. So the GP asked him to go to the surgery to discourse the x-ray consequence, and requested an ultrasound of venters to hold a better consequence and a unsmooth indicant of the internal diameter and a n accurate appraisal.The GP asked him to wait until he received an appointment missive from infirmary. After 4 hebdomads he had his assignment. The clinical indicant was categorization on the lumbar X ray, and a question sing an abdominal aneurism. The rating of the ultrasound scan was an abdominal aortic aneurism which was 4.5 centimeter. The bosom was normal in size. There was no grounds of any important mediastinal mass or lymph node expansion. The kidneys were normal in size. The radiotherapist recommended supervising the patient. He besides sent a study to the patient ‘s GP. Six months subsequently in Dec 2007, he attended his 2nd assignment for an ultrasound scan of his venters. There was a little addition in his aneurism. Therefore, a study was sent once more to his GP. The rating was a 4.7cm aortal aneurism. In April 2008 he had another scan which indicated a 5.2cm aneurism. The GP referred him to the vascular sawbones, because the size had reached an index diameter of 5cm.After four hebdomads he met the sawbones. He reviewed his medical history and discussed the x-ray and ultrasound consequence with him. He besides strongly advised him to discontinue smoke, because tobacco users are about 5 times every bit likely as non-smokers to endure from AAA ( Hafez 2008 ) .In November 2008, the aneurism was 5.6cm and fix was recommended by his sawbones.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.e-radiography.net/radrep/Vascular/Vascular_AAA_US_55mm/Vascular_AAA_US_55_long.jpgRadiological Report: US Abdominal Aorta: The maximal A.P. internal diameter of the abdominal aorta is 5.6 centimeter. Mural thrombus reduces the internal diameter to 2.0cms ( x-ray 2000 ) .A The Vascular sawbones discussed with the patient that he needs a surgery every bit shortly as possible, he besides explained the being of two possible methods of fix and outlined the major hazards and benefits of each. He besides explained the possible complications associated with the process, including the hazard of endovascular leaks, the possibility of secondary intercession and the demand for lifelong follow up ( H. George Burkit 2007 ) . He offered him an EVAR surgery, so he was referred to hold a CT scan with clinical indicant of EVAR 5.6cm in ultrasound scan. A Week after he had a CT angiogram aorta. The Radiographer asked him if he has allergy to any contrast media or kidney job. Then he had an IV injection of dye in his arm. The sawbones received the study from Radiologist a few yearss subsequently. Evaluation of CT scan was a 6.2cm infrarenal AAA with a satisfactory cervix of 2cm and good possible common iliac set downing zones suited for EVAR ( Bhattacharya V 2007 ) . He was asked to go to a pre-operative appraisal clinic to run into his sawbones and other members of clinical squad. Two hebdomads subsequently in pre-op they took his medical history and the name of all medicine he used and carried out a physical scrutiny. The surgical squad carried out a figure of trials include blood trial and chest X ray to do certain that he is healthy plenty to hold an anesthetic and surgery. And advised him what he needs to make for admittance twenty-four hours. trials Normal Laboratory Test Values ‘ Patients result Red blood cells 3.8 M/mcL to 5.6 M/mcL 4.6 M/mcL. White blood cells 3.8 K/mm^ to 11.0 K/mm 6 k/mm. Hemoglobin 11 g/dL to 18 g/dL 13 g/dl Hematocrit 34 % to 54 % 38 % Blood urea N mg/dL to 0.4 mg/dL 6 mg/dL to 23 mg/dL Bilirubin, direct 0.0 15mg/dl Bilirubin entire 0.2 mg/dL to 1.4 mg/dL 0.2 milligram /dL Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL to 1.5 mg/dL 0.7 mg/dL On admittance twenty-four hours which was hebdomad subsequently, he was seen by the nurse, sawbones and anesthesiologist. Then vascular sawbones went through the questionnaire which was about his past medical history and process once more, and explained the hazard and benefit of making the operation. He took his consent and asked him to subscribe the consent signifier. He was taken to the theater and the anesthesiologist gave him a general aneaestatic. Aneurysm fix was performed and after the process, he was taken to the intensive attention unit for recovery. He made good recovery and was discharged on the fifth postoperative twenty-four hours. Complete recovery was 3 months. After 2nd postoperative yearss he had CT angiography In order to observe any complication. There was no grounds of endoleak detected during arterial stage scanning or after a 2-min hold. The patient was discharged without complication. Follow-up CT angiography was performed at 1 month and five month. Then every twelvemonth after that, to do certain there are non any jobs. Discussion: An aneurism is a weak country in aorta. If a blood vas weakens, it starts to bloat like a balloon and becomes remarkably large. If an aneurism signifiers on the abdominal aorta and grows excessively large, the aorta might rupture or tear ( Upchurch and Schaub April 1, 2006, Heather 2008 ) . The most common aneurism is abdominal aortal aneurisms, is below the beginning of the arterias to the kidneys.In work forces, the maximal normal aortal diameter at this degree is about 2.5 centimeter. An aorta that is 3 centimeter or more in diameter at this degree qualifies as being aneurysmal. The happening of AAA varies harmonizing to ethnicity, age and gender. Work force are six times more likely to be affected than adult females. At the age of 65 old ages, 3 % of work forces will hold an AAA. The popularity so increases with age to make about 8 % at the age of 80. AAAs represents about 98 % of aneurism of the whole aorta ( Hafez 2008 and Sparks et al 2002 ) . Any aneurism wider than 5.5 centimeter should be operated upon electively ( Raymond 2006 and Dillon et al 2010 ) .Abdominal aortal aneurism is normally symptomless. Smoke and high blood force per unit area are most of import hazard factors ( patient brochure 2009 and Hafez 2008 ) . Approximately 80 % of patients who present with a ruptured abdominal aortal aneurisms have no old diagnosing. When rupture occurs, mortality is really high ( Scot et al 2008 and Philip et al 2009 ) . On physical scrutiny, AAAs with 3 to 3.9 centimeter scope is tangible 29 % of the clip, compared with those with an AAA more than 5 centimeter. which can be palpated 76 % of the clip ( Gilbert et al 2008 ) . Once the size reaches an index diameter of 5 to 5.5cm or is seen to spread out more than 0.5cm in a twelvemonth needs to mention to vascular sawbones ( H. George Burkit 2007 ) .Harmonizing to Robert et Al 2008 if the abdominal aortal aneurism expands by more than 0.6 to 0.8cm per twelvemonth, fix is normally recommended.The trials were included: Arterial Blood Gas ( ABG ) degrees, to supervise oxygenation, airing, and acerb base position. Complete blood count to supervise Red blood cell, White blood cell ( WBC ) , and thrombocyte counts altered hemoglobin degrees and haematocrit reflect any blood loss and the O transporting ability of the blood. An elevated WBC count reflects an inflammatory response. Serum electrolyte panel-monitors fluid, electrolyte, and acerb base position Serum creatinine and blood urea N ( BUN ) degrees, to supervise nephritic map. Blood curdling surveies to supervise curdling. Urinalysis to supervise nephritic position including secernment and concentration Blood cross fiting necessary for blood replacing Electrocardiography ( ECG ) to look into cardiac alterations associated with ischaemia Chest X ray may uncover abnormalcies of the thorax, bosom and lungs ( Holloway 2004 ) . MRSA Scan to fix his tegument and cut down the likeliness of infection ( trust protocol ) . Patients are normally current or anterior tobacco users and frequently have a history of high blood pressure. Most abdominal aortal aneurisms remain asymptomatic until they rupture, but some are detected by the way either on scrutiny or when the patient undergoes imaging for other grounds. On scrutiny a pulsatile, expandable cardinal abdominal mass may be detected supplying the patient is non grossly corpulent. The femoral and popliteal pulsations should be checked for associated aneurisms ( Scott et al 2004 and Rosalyn 2006 and Louise and Anderson 2001 ) . Compared with unfastened surgery, EVAR has lower operative mortality, lower morbidity, and shorter length of infirmary stay and greater likeliness of discharge to place than unfastened surgery ( Schermerhorn 2009 ) Two option of operation are unfastened fix, where an scratch is made in the venters, and endovascular aneurism fix, where the aneurism is repaired by go throughing instruments through one of the venas ( NHS Choice 2010 ) . Patient demands to hold CT angiogram to cognize if he is suited for EVAR. Because of the form of aneurysm some people are non suited for EVAR Otherwise he should hold unfastened surgery ( NICE 2006 ) . CT is the following measure to assist find which intervention should be used.Serial CT scans can be used to conceive of the proximal cervix ( the passage between the normal and aneurysmal aorta ) , the extension to the iliac arterias, and the patency of the splanchnic arterias. They can besides mensurate the thickness of the mural thrombus. With 3-dimensional imagination, coiling CT and CT angiography can supply extra anatomical inside informations, particularly utile if endovascular process is considered ( Macari et al 2001 ) .The ground of holding CT compared with aortography and MRI is, widespread Availability, systematically consistent consequences, and a comparative cost ( Sparks et al 2002 ) . Elective surgery is to mend an aorta. The sawbones will cover a little metal tubing, which is known as a stent-graft and will attach that to a catheter. The catheter is infixing into one of the arterias in the inguen around the femoral arterias, before being moved up to the site of the aneurism. He will attach the stent-graft to the interior of the aorta with pins, which strengthened the walls of the aorta. The catheter so will be removed. The process will be guided utilizing intensifier x-ray machine and radiographer will take images step by measure. An X-ray imagination process is executing to look into whether the stent transplant is decently placed. The cut will be closed with stitches and a dressing will be placed over the stitches. ( Bupa ‘s Health Information Team 2010 and book ) . X raies of the venters shows Ca sedimentations in the aneurism wall, but we can non see the size and extent of aneurism therefore Ultrasound has approximately 98 % truth in mensurating the size of the aneurism, and is safe and non-invasive. Ultrasonography normally gives a clear image of the size of an aneurism. For surgical fix be aftering ultrasound can non accurately place the extent of the aneurism. Computerized imaging of the venters is extremely accurate in finding the size and extent of the aneurism, and its relation to the nephritic arterias. However, computerized imaging uses high doses of radiation and for rating of blood vass, requires endovenous dye. This carries some hazard including allergic reaction to the dye and annoyance of the kidneys. In patients with kidney diseases, the physician may see an MRA, which is a survey of the aorta and the other arterias utilizing MRI scanning. Both computerized imaging and MRI are effectual for diagnosing. In this instance because pa tient had Knee replacing and no allergic to dye CT is best option. Screening may cut down the incidence of aortal rupture, particularly if applied to bad groups. Erstwhile ultrasound showing for AAA is recommended for all work forces aged a†°?65 old ages and household history of AAA ( NHS Screening plan 2010 ) . Decision: Abdominal aorta aneurism ( AAA ) is a dilation of the aorta. This is about 3 centimeters in most people. Strong hazard factors are cigarette smoke, familial or household history, increased age, male sex, inborn and connective tissue upsets. Diagnostic factors include abdominal, back, or inguen hurting, pulsatile abdominal mass and hypotension. Diagnostic trials are including Plain X ray of venters, Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and aortography.There are two option for Treatments of Abdominal aortal aneurism which includes unfastened fix and Endovascular aneurysm fix, depending on patient status. REFRENCESS: Upchurch, Jr. G.R. ( M.D. ) and Schaub, T.A. ( M.D. ) ( April 1, 2006 ) ‘Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm ‘ American Family Physician online. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aafp.org/afp/20060401/1198.html [ Accessed 16/2/2011 ] Heather, B. P. ( 2008 ) ‘Abdominal aortal aneurisms, testing and the jurisprudence ‘ AvMA Medical & A ; Legal Journal. Volume 14 Number 2 online. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //cr.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/2/65 [ accessed 12/1/211 ] Mayo clinical staff, ( June 23, 2010 ) , Abdominal ultrasound, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research ( MFMER ) online. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayoclinic.com/health/abdominal-ultrasoundWhat you can expect/ , MY00076/DSECTION=what-you-can-expect [ accessed 23/1/2011 ] RUH, ( 2006 ) ` Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Patient Information` Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ruh.nhs.uk/patients/services/vascular, [ accessed 21st DEC 2010 ] Vikram, D. and Deborah J. R, ( 2004 ) Ultrasound secrets. Philadelphia: Name of publishing house VeriMed Healthcare Network, ( 2009 ) Abdominal aortal aneurism. Medline plus Medical Encyclopaedia. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000162.htm. [ Accessed 12/1/211 ] Hafez, H ( 2008 ) Clinical Risk `Abdominal aortal aneurism disease: wellness hazards, direction and screening` 14: 208-210 DOI: 10.1258/cr.2008.080076 online available from hypertext transfer protocol: //atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/764 [ accessed 24/1/2011 ] Robert K. S, Roberta L. H, Katherine E. M ( 2008 ) what is ct angiography aorta of abdominal aortal aneurism Stoelting ‘s anaesthesia and co-existing disease, 676 pages Follow online format aboveBhattacharya, V ( 2007 ) `Management of abdominal aortal aneurism ‘ , available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gponline.com/news/766641 [ accessed 20/1/2011 ]Holloway, N. M. ( 2004 ) Medical-surgical attention planning. Topographic point of publication: Lippincott William & A ; Wilkins, A Inglott, F. ( 2007 ) Stent-graft online. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.stentgraft.com/id11.htmlconsultant, [ accessed 12/02/2011 ]Bupa ‘s Health Information Team, ( July 2010 ) Endovascular aneurism fix ( EVAR ) , on-line at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bupa.co.uk/healthinformation/directory/e/endovascular-repair, [ accessed 16/2/2011 ] .Kirk, R. M. ( 2006 ) General surgical operations. Topographic point: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Dillon, M. Cardwell, C. Blair, P.H. Ellis, P. Kee, F. Harkin, D.W. ( 2010 ) Endovascular intervention for ruptured abdominal aortal aneurism, The Cochrane Collaboration, Cochrane, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005261.html [ accessed 12/12/2010 ] PATIENT INFORMATION BOOKLET ( 2009 ) Endovascular Stent Grafts: A intervention for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, Medtronic, Vol 302, No. 18 Davarn, S. ( MD ) Reardon, R. ( MD ) Joing, S. ( MD ) ( 2008 ) Academic Emergency Medicine, Volume 14, Issue 4, Article foremost published online: available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/j.aem.2007.01.001/pdf, [ accessed 06/01/2011 ] Baker, P. E. & A ; Kumar Ramnarine, V. ( February 2009 ) Development and Application of an Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model, ultrasound, Leicester NHS Trust, N Volume 17 N Number 1, online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //ult.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/17/1/30 [ accessed 12/01/2011 ] Upchurch Jr, G. R. ( MD ) Longo, C. ( MD ) Rectenwald, J.E. ( MD ) ( March 2008 ) Abdominal aortal aneurism, Geriatrics Volume 63. Number 3 Kahan, S. Raves, J. J. ( 2004 ) In a Page Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & A ; Wilkins, SPARKS, A.R. ( M.D. ) JOHNSON, P. L. ( M.D. ) and MEYER, M. C. ( M.D. ) ( APRIL 15, 2002, ) Imagination of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN, VOLUME 65, NUMBER 8University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, Kansas available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.e-radiography.net/articles/Aortic % 20Anneurysm % 20imaging.pdf [ accessed 21/02/2011 ]Burkitt, G. H. Quick, C.R.G. Reed, J.B. , ( 2007 ) , Essential surgery: jobs, diagnosing and direction, Churchill Livingston Elsevier Follow diary format aboveZOLER, M. L. ( 2006 ) , Formulas Identify Best Patients for AAA Repair. Internal medical specialty News, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.internalmedicinenews.com/index.php? id=495 & A ; cHash=071010 & A ; tx_ttnews [ tt_news ] =11658 [ accessed 19/02/2011 ]Heather, B. P. ( 2008 ) Abdominal aortal aneurisms, testing and the jurisprudence, AvMA Medical & A ; Legal Journal, Volume 14 Number 2 online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //cr.rsmjournals.com/content/vol14/issue2/ [ accessed 12/12/2010 ] GAILA HOODA IRWIN RN, CEN, BSNA ( February 2007 ) , A How to protect a patient with aortal aneurism Volume 37A Number 2, PagesA 36A online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nursingcenter.com/prodev/ce_article.asp? tid=693846 [ accessed 26/12/2010 ] Macari, M. , ( MD ) , Israel, G. M. ( MD ) , Berman, P. ( BA ) Lisi, M. ( BA ) Anuj J. Tolia, BA, Mark Adelman, MD, Alec J. Megibow, MD, MPH, August 2001 Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic, Aneurysms at Multi-Detector, Row CT Angiography: Intravascular Enhancement without a Timing Acquisition1, 520 omega Radiology Macari et Al, Volume 220 omega Number 2 online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //radiology.rsna.org/content/220/2/519.full [ accessed 16/02/2011 ] NICE ( 2006 ) , Royal United Hospital Bath, NHS, Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Patient Information, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ruh.nhs.uk/patients/services/vascular/documents/Endovascular_Aneurysm_Repair_Patient_Information.pdf, [ accessed 21st DEC 2010 ] Schermerhorn, M. ( MD ) Discussant ( November 2009 ) , American Medical Association. Vol 302, No. 18, online available at hypertext transfer protocol: //jama.ama-assn.org/content/302/18/2015.full.pdf+html, [ accessed 14/2/2011 ] Anderson, L. A. ( MS, RN ) ( 2001 ) , Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR Nursing, Volume 15 – Issue 4 – pp 1-14 online, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.lww.com/jcnjournal/Abstract/2001/07000/Abdominal_Aortic_Aneurysm.2.aspx [ accessed 13/01/2011 ] Gendreau, R. ( 2006 ) Is it a kidney rock or abdominal aortal aneurism? : Name of journal Volume 36 – Issue 5 – P 22-24, on-line available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2006/04001/Is_it_a_kidney_stone_or_abdominal_aortic_aneurysm_.8.aspx [ accessed 20/12/2010 ]Baker, L. A Anderson, E. ( May 2010 ) ; Abdominal aortal aneurism: simple showing could salvage lives, Primary attention nurse practician, Generations Family Health Centre, Norwich, CT, American Journal for Nurse Practitioners ( AM J NURSE PRACT ) , 2010 May ; 14 ( 5 ) : 29-34 ( 27 ref ) , journal article – pictorial, tables/charts. 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Calculus As A Branch Of Mathematics - 1169 Words

In order to dive into precursors to calculus we need to understand exactly what calculus itself is. So what is it? According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary calculus is defined as a branch of mathematics that deals mostly with rate of change and with finding lengths, areas, and volumes; it is divided into two types: integral and differential. The calculus we have come to know and love has been around for quite some time, dating all the way back to its â€Å"creation† which is credited to Newton and Leibniz. But what if there was an ancient form of â€Å"calculus† before our modern calculus? Many ancient civilizations were brilliant and used mathematics in ways that the people before them never could but is there enough evidence to support the theory that calculus was not simply the conception of the two rivals Newton and Leibniz? According to Dr. John H. 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